Formic ether
Ethyl formate
CAS: 109-94-4
Molecular Formula: C3H6O2
Formic ether - Names and Identifiers
| Name | Ethyl formate |
| Synonyms | Areginal FEMA 2434 Formic ether FORMIC ETHER Aethylformiat Ethyl formate ETHYL FORMATE ethyl methanoate ETHYL METHANOATE FORMIC ACID ETHYL ESTER Ethyl ester of formic acid |
| CAS | 109-94-4 |
| EINECS | 203-721-0 |
| InChI | InChI=1/C3H6O2/c1-2-5-3-4/h3H,2H2,1H3 |
| InChIKey | WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Formic ether - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C3H6O2 |
| Molar Mass | 74.08 |
| Density | 0.921 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.) |
| Melting Point | -80 °C (lit.) |
| Boling Point | 52-54 °C (lit.) |
| Flash Point | 7°F |
| JECFA Number | 26 |
| Water Solubility | 11 g/100 mL (18 ºC) |
| Solubility | Miscible with alcohol, benzene, and ether (Hawley, 1981) |
| Vapor Presure | 15.16 psi ( 55 °C) |
| Vapor Density | 2.5 (vs air) |
| Appearance | Liquid |
| Color | Clear |
| Odor | Characteristic; pleasant aromatic. |
| Exposure Limit | TLV-TWA 100 ppm (～300 mg/m3) (ACGIH,MSHA, and OSHA); IDLH 8000 ppm(NIOSH). |
| Merck | 14,3807 |
| BRN | 906769 |
| Storage Condition | 2-8°C |
| Stability | Stable. Extremely flammable. May form explosive mixtures with air. Note low flash point and wide explosive limits. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong acids, nitrates. |
| Sensitive | Moisture Sensitive |
| Explosive Limit | 16% |
| Refractive Index | n20/D 1.359(lit.) |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Characteristics of colorless transparent liquid, volatile, there is a good smell of aromatic flavor. melting point -80.5 ℃ boiling point 54.4 ℃ relative density 0.9168 refractive index 1.3598 flash point -20 ℃ solubility and ethanol, ether miscible, soluble in acetone. Solubility in water 11.8g/100ml. |
| Use | As a solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, it is used as an intermediate for Ureaplasma, cytosine and thymine in medicine. |
Formic ether - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R11 - Highly Flammable R20/22 - Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. R36/37 - Irritating to eyes and respiratory system. |
| Safety Description | S9 - Keep container in a well-ventilated place. S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S24 - Avoid contact with skin. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S33 - Take precautionary measures against static discharges. |
| UN IDs | UN 1190 3/PG 2 |
| WGK Germany | 1 |
| RTECS | LQ8400000 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 29151300 |
| Hazard Class | 3 |
| Packing Group | II |
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in rats: 4.29 g/kg (Smyth) |
Formic ether - Upstream Downstream Industry
| Raw Materials | Formic acid Ethyl Alcohol |
| Downstream Products | thiamine 5-Fluorouracil |
Formic ether - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
colorless transparent liquid, volatile, has a good smell of fragrance. The relative density was 0.9168. Melting Point -80.5 °c. Boiling point 54.4 °c. Flash point -20 °c. Refractive index (n2(o) 3598. Vapor pressure 26. 664kPa(20.6 °c). Heat of vaporization: 407J/g. Specific heat capacity 2J/(g. C). With ethanol, ether miscible, soluble in acetone. Solubility in water 11.8g/lOOmL. Unstable, can be gradually decomposed in water.
Last Update：2025-06-10 22:55:16
Formic ether - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
- sulfuric acid esterification method formic acid and ethanol are directly esterified under sulfuric acid catalysis, and the final product is obtained by rectification after neutralization and water washing.
- the aluminum trichloride catalyzed esterification method is obtained by esterification of formic acid and ethanol in the presence of a crystalline aluminum trichloride catalyst.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:32:38
Formic ether - Application
Open Data Verified Data
solvents such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. Intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry. Fungicides of tobacco, grain and sorghum. It can also be used as food and tobacco flavor.
Last Update：2025-08-19 16:24:40
Formic ether - Safety
Open Data Verified Data
- the toxicity of this product is slightly weaker than that of methyl formate. It can stimulate eyes and nose. Rat oral ld504290 mg/kg. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 300mg/m3. Ventilation should be enhanced at the operating site. If the skin contact with this product, should immediately rinse with water.
- iron drum packaging, specification 180kg. Store in a cool and ventilated place, away from fire and heat source. According to the provisions of flammable dangerous goods storage and transportation.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:32:38
Formic ether - Reference Information
| FEMA | 2434 | ETHYL FORMATE |
| olfactory Threshold | 2.7ppm |
| Henry's Law Constant | 0.097(x 10-3 atm?m3/mol) at 5.00 °C, 0.13 at 10.00 °C, 0.17 at 15.00 °C, 0.23 at 20.00 °C, 0.29 at 25.00 °C (columnstripping-UV, Kutsuna et al., 2005) |
| LogP | 1.504 at 25℃ |
| NIST chemical information | information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link) |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| flavors and fragrances | China stipulated GR2760-86 that ethyl formate is the allowable flavor, also known as ethyl formate, its chemical structure has the nature of active carbonyl and ester group, has reducibility, can carry out ester condensation reaction, can be miscible in ethanol, ether, benzene and propylene glycol, slightly soluble in mineral oil and water (in water decomposition), easy to burn, the vapor can form an explosive mixture with air, the explosion limit of 3.5% ~ 16.5% (volume). Insoluble in glycerol, in alkaline easily hydrolyzed to free acid and ethanol. There is a pungent taste and pineapple-like aroma of fruit, as well as a strong aroma of rum, and a slightly bitter taste. Naturally found in Boronia dentigeroides and Florida orange juice, honey, Brandy, strawberry, raspberry, onion, apple, pear and rum. The artificial synthesis is obtained by heating and esterifying ethanol and formic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid, and then dehydrating and rectifying with phosphorus pentoxide or anhydrous calcium chloride. In the food flavor is mainly used for the preparation of fruit flavor such as cherry, apricot, peach, strawberry, apple, pineapple, banana, grape and other fruit flavor. In the wine flavor is often used in the preparation of the old rice, snow wine, brandy, alcohol and white grapes and other wine flavor. Used in medicine and food and cosmetics as a flavoring or flavoring agent. Ethyl Formate is recognized by FEMA as GRAS,FEMA No. 2434 and is approved for consumption by the FDA. The European Council also lists ethyl formate as an artificial flavor that can be used in food and is not harmful to human health. Its ADI value was 5 mg/kg. This product is irritating and narcotic to eyes and respiratory tract. Rat oral ld504290 mg/kg. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 100 × 10-6. |
| content analysis | approximately 0.5g of a sample was precisely weighed and then determined according to Method 1 of the ester determination method (OT-18). The equivalence factor (e) in the calculation is taken as 37.04. A slight change therein was maintained at room temperature for 15min, instead of heating on a steam bath for 1H. It is appropriate to use the non-polar column method in GT10-4. |
| toxicity | ADI O ~ 3(FAO/WHO,1994). GRAS(FDA,§ 184.1295,2000). LD50 1850mg/kg (rat, oral). |
| usage limit | FEMA(mg/kg): Soft drink 9.4; Cold drink 21; Candy 50; Baked goods 98; pudding 0.35~11; Gum 430; Wine 10. FDA(§ 184.1295,2000). Baked Food 0.05%, candy and gum 0.04%; Cold drinks and dairy confections 0.02%; Gelatin, pudding, beverage food 0.03%, other food 0.01%. ▼▲ |
| Use | used as a solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, used in medicine for uracil, cytosine, thymine intermediates used as chromatographic analysis of standard substances, solvents and fungicides, but also for the preparation of flavor, acetone substitutes GB 2760-96 is allowed to use the edible spices. It is mainly used for the preparation of rum, apricot, peach, pineapple, mixed fruit and the essence of the wine. occasionally used in daily chemical flavor for modification of flower flavor, mainly used in food flavor for fruit flavor such as cherry, apricot, peach, strawberry, Rubus, apple, pineapple, banana, plum, grapes, etc. It is often used in wine, such as langm, brandy, and white grape. ethyl formate is used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, and the like, as well as bactericides, larvicides, and fumigants for foods, cigarettes, cereals, dried fruits, and the like. As a flavor, ethyl formate can be used to blend the aroma of peach, banana, apple, apricot, pineapple, Berry, etc., and can also be used as a flavor of butter, Brandy, sweet wine, and white wine. Ethyl Formate is also an intermediate in organic synthesis. For example, in the pharmaceutical industry, it is used for the production of antitumor drugs fuxuedin and vitamin B1; Ethyl formate and acetone are condensed in sodium methoxide-xylene solution to obtain sodium acetyl vinyl alcohol, condensation with acetylglycine ester followed by cyclization with potassium thiocyanate yields ethyl 2-mercaptoimidazole-4-carboxylate. Ethyl Formate is used in the production of Houttuynia cordata, tongjingning, kangfulong, thiopyrimidine, thiazidine mustard, reserpine, total synthesis of scopolamine and other drugs. The solvent used for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate is often used as an intermediate such as uracil in medicine. used as a solvent for acetic acid or nitric acid fiber, and for flavor synthesis and pharmaceutical production organic solvent, organic synthesis, wine flavor. Raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry. |
| production method | 1. Sulfuric acid esterification of formic acid and ethanol in sulfuric acid catalyzed direct esterification, after washing and neutralization after distillation to obtain the finished product. Aluminum trichloride catalyzed esterification was obtained by esterification of formic acid and ethanol in the presence of crystalline aluminum trichloride catalyst. obtained by heating esterification of ethanol and formic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid, followed by dehydration distillation with phosphorus pentoxide or anhydrous calcium chloride. |
| category | flammable liquid |
| toxicity grade | poisoning |
| Acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 1850 mg/kg |
| stimulation data | Skin-rabbit 460 mg mild; eye-rabbit 100 mg/24 h moderate |
| explosive hazard characteristics | explosive when mixed with air |
| flammability hazard characteristics | in case of open flame, high temperature, flammable oxidant; Combustion stimulus smoke; slow hydrolysis in water to formic acid and ethanol |
| storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; It is stored separately from the oxidant |
| extinguishing agent | dry powder, CO2, foam, 1211 extinguishing agent |
| Occupational Standard | TWA 300 mg/m3; Tel 450 mg/m3 |
| spontaneous combustion temperature | 851 ° F. |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
| immediate life-and health-threatening concentrations | 1,500 ppm |
Last Update：2024-04-09 02:00:04
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Raw Materials for Formic ether
Downstream Products for Formic ether